By using the unifying reference states proton gas (1 bar => pH_abs) and electron gas (1 bar => pe_abs), the thermo­dy­na­mic relations of any reaction with trans­fer of protons and / or electrons in any medium (gas or condensed pha­ses) may be compared, best on the protoelectric potential map PPM. It is a 2D plot of pH_abs vs. pe_abs, i.e. a unified solvent-independent window. The definitions of pH_abs and pe_abs are based on the chemical potentials of the proton and electron, as well as their conversion into the conventional scales as defined by Sørensen. E_abs  is the absolute electrode potential E_T as identified by Trasatti. The useful  pH_abs,water-value is the con­ti­nu­a­tion of the aqueous pH scale to non-aqueous media and connected to the E_abs,water- and pe_abs,water-values.

First Publication: Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 4194-4211 (VIP-Paper).

Review Perspective: Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 4386-4411. This review aims at explaining the concept.

Video Tutorials: In the section 'Video Tutorials' of this Website you will find a series of videos explaining the concept. So go ahead and use it...! There are myriads of possible applications.